PowerShell has no built-in chunk cmdlet, so to split an array into smaller arrays you step through it with a for loop and slice each piece with a range. The comma keeps every chunk as its own array: I’ll also wrap it in a function, show the one-chunk trap, and cover LINQ Chunk, a set … Read more
To print an array in PowerShell, type the variable name or pass it to Write-Output, and every item prints on its own line. For a single line, join the items with -join: That covers most cases, but arrays of objects, hashtables and files behave differently. I ran each example below in PowerShell 7 and Windows … Read more
To find invalid characters in a string in PowerShell, compare it against the characters Windows doesn’t allow. For file names, IndexOfAny with GetInvalidFileNameChars returns the position of the first bad one, or -1 if the name is clean: “Invalid” depends on where the text is going, though. Below I check file names, list every bad … Read more
To get the PowerShell array length, read the array’s .Count or .Length property. Both return the number of items, so $cities.Count gives 5 for a five-city array: The tricky part is what happens when a command returns one item, no items, or a collection that isn’t a plain array. I ran every case below in … Read more
To add comments in PowerShell, start a line with # for a single-line comment, or wrap several lines in <# and #> for a block comment. PowerShell skips both when the script runs: Below I go from those basics to comment-based help that Get-Help can read, the nesting trap, #Requires and #region, and comments inside … Read more
To get the Windows update history in PowerShell, ask the Windows Update Agent through its Microsoft.Update.Session COM object. QueryHistory returns the same records you see on the Update history page in Settings: Get-HotFix is quicker to type, but it shows only part of the picture. Below I compare both, decode the result codes, find failed … Read more
To check CPU usage in PowerShell, read the processor counter with Get-Counter. Its CookedValue is the percent of time the CPU was busy: Below I average samples, compare Win32_Processor, turn the Get-Process CPU column into a real percentage, find busy processes, log usage and tame a runaway process, in PowerShell 7 and Windows PowerShell 5.1. … Read more
To convert a VHD to VHDX in PowerShell, shut down the VM and run Convert-VHD on the Hyper-V host. The new format comes from the file extension you give the destination: VHDX supports disks up to 64 TB instead of 2 TB and handles power failures better, so it’s worth converting older disks. Below I … Read more
To write JSON to a file in PowerShell, convert the object with ConvertTo-Json and pipe the text to Set-Content. Raise -Depth when the data is nested: That one line hides three traps: cut-off nested data, the wrong file encoding in Windows PowerShell 5.1, and appending that breaks the file. I ran each one in PowerShell … Read more
The fastest way to find duplicates in an array in PowerShell is Group-Object: it groups equal values, and any group with a Count above 1 is a duplicate: I’ll also count each value, make the check case-sensitive, find duplicate positions and duplicate objects, and show why Group-Object crawls in Windows PowerShell 5.1 and what to … Read more